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 The One  The One is the invisible spirit. We should not think of it as a god or like a god. For it is greater than a god, because it has nothing over it and no lord above it. It does not exist within anything inferior to it, since everything exists within it alone. It is eternal, since it does not need anything. For it is absolutely complete. It has never lacked anything in order to be completed by it. Rather, it is always absolutely complete in light.  The One is illimitable , since there is nothing before it to limit it,  unfathomable , since there is nothing before it to fathom it, immeasurable , since there was nothing before it to measure it,  invisible, since nothing has seen it,  eternal, since it exists eternally,  unutterable, since nothing could comprehend it to utter it,  unnamable, since there is nothing before it to give it a name.  The One is the immeasurable light

 Introduction Since at least from the time of Nigerian independence, the Margi ethnic groups have been and are still neighbors with the following ethnic groups: Kilba, Bura, Matakam, Higi, Sukur, and Wula. As mentioned earlier, the Fulani and Kanuri ethnic groups are the majorities in the two states where the Margi reside, and they live in the major towns of Yola and Maiduguri, with a few Hausa in each city. This is not to say that there not any Kanuri, Fulani or Hausas living alongside the Margi ethnic group in certain Margi towns or villages. But what it means is that these groups that are considered Margi neighbors, including groups both large and small, have their own towns and villages even if they share common geographical vicinity with the Margi ethnic group. The first two, the Kilba and Bura ethnic groups, share words that have common meaning with the Margi. There is no definitive evidence that any two of them have lived together. But because of the geographical proximity which

Yinagu River, in 2011 It is a very common practice in Africa for the majority of the individual households or those that wash clothes for others for pay to go to public ponds, rivers or streams to wash the clothes. Also, in addition to the communally dug water wells, these public water sources used to be shared with the cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys and even wild animals. In Margi land, almost all of these public water sources are works of nature. In other words, they are not man made like the communal water wells. The following rivers in the Margi cultural landscape are the main tributaries that drain into Yinagu river: yadzaram, dil-owal, biri-shishiwa, and tsugadi river. The large river called yinagu has been and is still the main source of fish for several Margi towns and villages in both Adamawa and Borno states.  Prior to Nigerian independence, and up to the late 1960s, the ptil (Margi chief) was responsible for setting the date for yearly communal fishing. In the mid-1970s, with

  In the early 20th century, Hamman Yaji, the Fulani ruler of Madagali, developed a unique and  intensified form of slave raiding, extending it into the Mandara Mountains proper. This paper  describes and analyzes his slaving strategy, tactics and results in the light of his diary, which records his restructuring and management of this economic sector, contemporary written sources, oral traditions and ethnography. It pays particular attention to the responses of the montagnard groups on which he preyed and develops an interpretation of the nature of the interface between the Fulani and the montagnard resistance.   The montagnards on whom Hamman Yaji preyed consisted of numerous ethno-linguistic groups speaking related Chadic languages and organized into small chiefdoms rarely exceeding a few thousand inhabitants (Figure 1).   While such groups are sometimes described globally as Kirdi, a word of Kanuri origin meaning “pagan” (http://www.mandaras.info/Kirdi.html), this term is derogat

The second category of forces which control the world are anthropomorphic spirits of which there are two classes; yal and shatar . These supernaturals are actively malevolent or mischievous; the good which they do is entirely by indirection; that is, they may not do ill and to that extent do good. Although these beings do not always have anthropomorphic appearances, their behavior is conspicuously like man's. They have appetites, reside at specific places, and, most importantly, they are amenable to human acts in that they must be pleased, angered, persuaded, or even tricked or fooled. Thus men are not entirely helpless with respect to these supernaturals unlike their relationship to iju. The majority of rituals are aimed at influencing them. Yal are the more dangerous of the two, being capable of causing serious illness and even death. One is very careful not to offend a yal; either by specific act or by inadvertence. Margi do not talk lightly about yal, and they treat their trad